3rd International Conference on Nursing & Midwifery May 23-24, 2018 New York, USA

A Registered Nurse is a nurse who has graduated from a nursing program and met the necessity outlined by a country, state, responsibility or similar licensing body in order to obtain a nursing license. An RN's scope of practice is persistent by legislation, and is controlled by a professional body or council.

RN’s are employed in an ample variety of professional settings, and often specialize in a field of practice. They may be responsible for project care delivered by other healthcare workers, including student nurses, licensed practical nurses, unlicensed assistive personnel, and less-experienced RNs.

It is defined as the function of the nursing process to public or legal proceedings, and the function of forensic health care in the scientific investigation of trauma and/or death related to abuse, violence, criminal activity, liability, and accidents.

Before there was a specialty recognized as forensic nursing, the term used was clinical forensic medicine. This term specifies the use of clinical practices to support judicial proceedings to protect a victim, usually, after death, it will happen. It was not until the late 20th century that medical professionals wanted more team work between the medical and legal systems. In the United States, this problem began to be addressed.

Most nurses practice with the complete framework of body, mind, and spirit. With forensic nursing established, the role of a nurse was changed to also include the law. There has been an establishment of this major work but it was not created to have nurses become investigators. Their goal is to work with a possible victim and make sure the proper medical but also forensic tasks are accomplished. The forensic evidence is then passed on to the criminal justice system for proper investigation. This work has started to be recognized worldwide and is helping to boost an international focus on violence. The nurses are becoming vital resources for the healthy relationship needed between the health and justice systems.

Ambulatory Care Nurses care for patients whose stay in the hospital or other facilities will last for less than 24 hours. Nurses cover a broad range of concentration in the out-patient setting. They, care for individual, families, and groups in a variety of settings outside the hospital. Nurses Specialty with its own professional society, standards of practice, certification, performance measurement criteria, and body of fiction for evidence-based on practice with patients living longer with chronic diseases, different situations, and comorbidities, patient care is fluctuating to the outpatient setting, bringing sicker patients into the ambulatory care area.

Patient safety is a discipline that emphasizes safety in health care through the prevention, reduction, reporting, and analysis of medical error that often leads to adverse effects. The frequency and magnitude of avoidable adverse events experienced by patients were not well known until the 1990s when multiple countries reported staggering numbers of patients harmed and killed by medical errors. Recognizing that healthcare errors impact 1 in every 10 patients around the world, the World Health Organization calls patient safety an endemic concern. Indeed, patient safety has emerged as a distinct healthcare discipline supported by an immature yet developing scientific framework. There is a significant Trans disciplinary body of theoretical and research literature that informs the science of patient safety. The resulting patient safety knowledge continually informs improvement efforts such as: applying lessons learned from business and industry, adopting innovative technologies, educating providers and consumers, enhancing error reporting systems, and developing new economic incentives.

Gerontological nursing is the specialty of nursing pertaining to older adults. Gerontological nurses work in collaboration with older adults, their families, and communities to support healthy aging, maximum functioning, and quality of life. The term gerontological nursing, which replaced the term geriatric nursing in the 1970s, is seen as being more consistent with the specialty's broader focus on health and wellness, in addition to illness.

Psychiatric nursing or mental health nursing is the appointed position of a nursing that has specialized in mental health and cares for people of all ages with mental illness or mental distress, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychosis, depression, dementia and much more. Nurses in this area receive specific training in psychological therapies, building a therapeutic alliance, dealing with challenging behavior, and the administration of psychiatric medication. In most countries, a psychiatric nurse will have to have attained a bachelor's degree in nursing to become a registered nurse (RN) and specialize in mental health. Degrees vary in different countries and are governed by country-specific regulations. Psychiatric nurses work in hospitals, mental institutes, correctional institutes, and many other facilities.

Nurse practitioners manage acute and chronic medical conditions, both physical and mental, through history and physical exam and the ordering of diagnostic tests and medical treatments. NPs are qualified to diagnose medical problems, order treatments, perform advanced procedures, prescribe medications, and make referrals for a wide range of acute and chronic medical conditions within their scope of practice. Nurse Practitioners have become an integral part of the medical and health care system, due to the combination of experience and expertise they bring with them. Work experience as a nurse gives them a special approach in providing patient care, while their advanced studies provide the expertise and capability to carry on tasks otherwise assigned to physicians. NPs work in hospitals, private offices, clinics, and nursing homes/long term care facilities. Some nurse practitioners contract out their services for private duty.

A Labor and Delivery Nurse is a medical nurse that cares for new mothers and their infants. Their work can be diverse and technical including helping with charts, epidurals, breathing techniques, and breastfeeding. They can go into the delivery room and help the doctor with the delivery and perform any of a variety of tasks related to delivery and post-delivery care. After the baby is born, the nurse takes the baby to the nursery and administers the medical attention required, and returns to care for the mother.

Cardiac nursing is a nursing specialty that works with patients who suffer from various conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses help treat conditions such as unstable angina, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and cardiac dysrhythmia under the direction of a cardiologist. Cardiac nurses perform postoperative care on a surgical unit, stress test evaluations, cardiac monitoring, vascular monitoring, and health assessments. Cardiac nurses must have Basic Life Support and Advanced Cardiac Life Support certification. In addition, cardiac nurses must possess specialized skills including electrocardiogram monitoring, defibrillation, and medication administration by continuous intravenous drip. Cardiac nurses work in many different environments, including coronary care units (CCU), cardiac catheterization, intensive care units (ICU), operating theaters, cardiac rehabilitation centers, clinical research, cardiac surgery wards, cardiovascular intensive care units (CVICU), and cardiac medical wards.

Critical care nursing is the field of nursing with a focus on the utmost care of the critically ill or unstable patients following extensive injury, surgery or life threatening diseases. Critical care nurses can be found working in a wide variety of environments and specialties, such as general intensive care units, medical intensive care units, surgical intensive care units, trauma intensive care units, coronary care units, cardiothoracic intensive care units, burns unit, pediatric and some trauma center emergency departments. These specialists generally take care of critically ill patients who require mechanical ventilation by way of endotracheal intubation and/or treatable vasoactive intravenous medications.

Neonatal Nursing is a specialty of nursing care of newborn infants up to 28 days after birth, It requires a high degree of skill, dedication and emotional strength as the nurses care for new born babies with a range of problems, varying between prematurity, birth defects, infection, cardiac malformations and surgical problems. Neonatal nurses are a vital part of the neonatal care team and are required to know basic newborn revival, be able to control the newborn’s temperature and know how to initiate cardiopulmonary and pulse oximetry monitoring

Emergency nursing is a specialty within the field of professional nursing focusing on the care of patients with medical emergencies, that is, those who require prompt medical attention to avoid long-term disability or death. Emergency nurses are most frequently employed in hospital emergency departments, although they may also work in urgent care centers, sports arenas, and on medical transport helicopters and ambulances.

A surgical nurse, also referred to as a theater nurse or scrub nurse, specializes in preoperative care, providing care to patients before, during and after surgery. To become a theater nurse, Registered Nurses or Enrolled Nurses must complete extra training. There are different speciality areas that theatre nurses can focus in depending on which areas they are interested in.

There are many different phases during surgery where the theater nurse is needed to support and assist the patient, surgeons, surgical technicians, nurse anaesthetist and nurse practitioners. Pre-operative, the nurse must help to prepare the patient and operating room for the surgery. During the surgery, they assist the anaesthetist and surgeons when they are needed. The last phase is post-operative, enduring that the patients are provided with suitable care and treatments.

Military nurses are specially trained to provide nursing care to military personnel during war and peacetime, overseas and stateside. Some even perform their duties on U.S. Naval vessels out at sea. They are best known for setting up triage in war zones and treating soldiers who have been wounded in battle, but a large number of military nurses work in various military hospitals throughout the U.S. Military nurses are also called upon to participate in providing humanitarian nursing care to innocent civilians who fall victim to war injuries or natural disasters. One of the more interesting possibilities of becoming a military nurse working for the U.S. Army, Navy or Air Force is that your assignments could take you to U.S. military bases all over the world, so those with the desire to travel may find this nursing work particularly rewarding. Military nurses perform typical nursing duties, such as treating wounds, checking vitals, administering medications, comforting the sick and injured, and educating patients on healthy living and preventive health care.

Pediatric nursing is the medical care of neonates and children up to adolescence, usually in an inpatient hospital or day clinic. The main role of pediatric nurses is to manage procedures and medicines to children according to prescribed nursing care plans. Nurses also frequently assess the patients by observing vital signs, developing communication skills with children and family members and with medical teams. Being a support to children and their families is one fundamental of direct nursing care. Awareness of the concerns of children and parents, being present physically at times of stress and achieve strategies to help children and families content are all part of the work.

Nurse Education consists of the analytical and practical training provided to nurses with the purpose to prepare them for their duties as nursing care professionals. This education is provided to nursing students by experienced nurses and other medical professionals who have qualified or experienced for educational tasks. Most countries suggest nurse education courses that can be appropriate to general nursing or to particular areas including mental health nursing, pediatric nursing, and post-operatory nursing. Courses leading to independent registration as a nurse typically last four years. Nurse education also provides post-qualification courses in specialist subjects within nursing.

In the oncology background, nursing professionals maintain a close contact with situations of pain, fainted and death, physical and emotional side effects, among these hopelessness, misery, fear, and loneliness, intense and criticize feelings of human delicacy, at the same time that an expectation of curing the disease may be present

Oncology is an area of stable ethical problems, experienced from situations already considered part of the efficient period, such as lack of informed approval of patients before diagnostic and beneficial procedures, the extension of life without concern for its quality, and suspicious and heteronormal professional practices Regarding the increased use of technologies and medicines for treating oncological patients who no longer respond to available therapies, professionals much experience the life extension of the patient without reacting or positioning.

All these situations revive the need of assistance in health by the nurses, an essential part of the nursing care related to the defense of the rights and interests of patients, avoiding patients and their families to be exposed to a variety of situations that cause suffering. though, health advocacy actions, performed by nurses in oncological and palliative care, can be defined as assisting patients and families in overcoming the difficulties delay the path of care, informing and clarifying them as well as defending their choices and acting as a link between them and the health staff.

Public health refers to "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals. “It is worried about threats to health based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a few of people, or as large as all the citizen of several continents. The dimensions of health can circumscribe "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity," as defined by the United Nations' World Health Organization. Public health combines the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics, public policy, mental health and occupational safety and health are other important subfields.

Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been evolve since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.

Nurse education places focus upon the use of evidence from research in order to justify nursing mediation. In England and Wales, courts may decide if a nurse acted reasonably based upon whether their intervention was supported by research.

Before the foundation of modern nursing, members of religious orders such as nuns and monks often provided traditional nursing, still in some religious they are following traditional nursing & medicine for example Christian, Islamic and Buddhist traditions amongst others. Phoebe, mentioned in Romans 16 has been described in many sources as "the first visiting nurse” These traditions were influential in the development of the ethos of modern nursing. The religious roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries. One example in the United Kingdom is the use of the honorific "sister" to refer to a senior nurse.